Abstract  OBJECTIVE: To isolate and determine the chemical constituents of Ranunculus japonicus in Liupan Mountain, Ningxia province, China.

METHOD: The herb was extracted with ethanol by ultrasonic bath. The extractives were divided to petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol parts. The first two parts were separated and purified with silica gel and Sephadex LH -20 column chromatography. The structures of the separated compounds were idnetefied by physical and chemical properties and spectral analysis.

RESULT: Nine compounds were isolated and identified as follows: scoparone (1), tricin (2), protocatechuic acid (3), luteolin (4), anemonin (5), scopoletin (6), 5-hydroxy-6, 7-dimethoxyflavone (7), ternatolide (8), 5-hydroxy-7, 8-dimethoxy-flavone (9).

CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-9 were isolated from Ranunculus japonicus for the first time.

Abstract  OBJECTIVE: To compare the anti-fertility effects of the four extracts from the roots of Rhynchosia volubilis Lour on male mice, that is, ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate extract, n-butanol extract and aqueous extract.

METHODS: Four extracts from the roots of Rhynchosia volubilis Lour (1%, 0.1 ml/10 g), were administered orally for 11 weeks to adult male mice. The fertility and testicular function of the mice were assessed by mating tests and analyses of sperm motility in cauda epididymides and biochemical and histological indexes in the blood samples and reproductive organs.

RESULTS: The four extracts, especially aqueous extract, gradually decreased the pregnancy rate of the experimental mice from the 77th day of the treatment, with an obvious reduction in the number of spermatozoa. Morphological observation of the reproductive organs by light microscopy showed that the numbers of the secondary spermatocytes and spermatids were decreased in varied degrees, and the seminiferous tubules were disarranged, while the numbers and shapes of and spermatids were decreased in varied degrees, and the seminiferous tubules were disarranged, while the numbers and shapes of spermatogonia, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells remained unchanged.

CONCLUSION: The four extracts from the roots of Rhynchosia volubilis Lour all have anti-fertility effects on male mice, and that of the aqueous extract is more obvious.

Abstract  OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on behavior and hippocampal amino acids in depressive-like rats.

METHOD: SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control, model, fluxetine, low dose ginsenoside Rg1 and high dose of ginsenoside Rg1. The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was performed to induce depressive-like animal model. Fluxetine group was orally given fluxetine in dose of 10 mg x kg(-1) for 21 days, low dose ginsenoside Rg1 group was orally given ginsenoside Rg1 in dose of 20 mg x kg(-1) for 21 days, high dose ginsenoside Rg1 group was orally given ginsenoside Rg1 in dose of 40 mg x kg(-1) for 21 days. The control and model group was orally given saline for 21 days. The sucrose consumption was detected before and after the CUMS procedure. The horizontal and vertical activities of rats were determined by open-field test. HPLC was adopted to detect the contents of amino acids in hippocampus.

RESULT: The sucrose consumption, horizontal and vertical activities in CUMS rats were decreased compared with those in control group. Compared with control group, the contents of glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp) in hippocampus of CUMS group were increased, while the gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and taurine (Tau) were decreased. Ginsenoside Rg1 treatment significantly increased the CUMS-induced decrease in sucrose consumption, horizontal and vertical activities. Administrated with ginsenoside Rg1 also decreased Glu and Asp and increased the GABA and Tau in hippocampus in a dose dependent manner.

CONCLUSION: Ginsenoside Rg1 could alleviate the behavior changes of depressive-like rats, which might be related to regulate the levels of amino acids in hippocampus during CUMS and prevent the neuro-toxicity of excitatory amino acids.

Abstract  The influence of butanol on the expression of ompC gene encoding synthesis of OmpC porin in the MG 1655 strain of E. coli and butanol-tolerant mutant ButR was studied. It was shown that in the case of wild bacteria, the addition of butanol to the growth medium results in an increased level of ompC transcription. However, OmpC porin is not detected in the membrane fraction of cells. ButR mutant exhibits a higher level of ompC gene expression. A direct correlation is observed between the level of OmpC porin expression and its content in the membrane fraction of ButR mutant cells. In the regulatory region of the ompC gene of the ButR mutant, three nucleotide substitutions located in the binding sites of OmpR and CpxR activator proteins were identified. It was shown that mutations in the regulatory region of the ompC gene in the ButR mutant are responsible for the decreased level of OmpC porin expression under normal growth conditions. However, these mutations lead to an increased level of OmpC porin synthesis in the presence of butanol. These data suggest an additional mechanism of ompC gene regulation with the participation of butanol as a positive transcription effector.

Abstract  We used ribosome engineering technology, with which antibiotic-resistant strains are resulted from mutations on microbial ribosome, to screen a high butanol-producing Clostridium strain. A novel mutant strain S3 with high butanol production and tolerance was obtained from the original Clostridium acetobutylicum L7 with the presence of mutagen of streptomycin. Butanol of 12.48 g/L and ethanol of 1.70 g/L were achieved in S3, 11.2% and 50%, respectively higher than the parent strain. The conversion rate of glucose to butanol increased from 0.19 to 0.22, and fermentation time was 9 h shorter. This caused an increase in butanol productivity by 30.5%, reaching 0.24 g/(Lh). The mutant butanol tolerance was increased from 12 g/L to 14 g/L, the viscosity of fermentation broth was dramatically decreased to 4 mPa/s, 60% lower than the parent strain. In addition, the genetic stability of mutant strain S3 was also favorable. These results demonstrate that ribosome engineering technology may be a promising process for developing high butanol-producing strains.

Abstract  FAIMS's ion separation mechanism is based on analyte's characteristic nonlinear relationship between its ion mobility and applied electric field strength. Present characterization methods for this nonlinear relationship are based on precarious assumptions which incur substantial errors under many circumstances. A rigorous method for solving the second and fourth taylor series coefficient of this relationship based on dispersion voltage value (assuming half-sinusoidal waveform) and associated compensation voltage value of spectrum peak is presented, alongside with rigorous analytical functions. FAIMS spectrums were obtained for ethanol, metaxylene and n-butanol using custom-built FAIMS spectrometer, and corresponding second and fourth taylor series coefficients were obtained with the proposed method. Evaluation shows that this method substantially reduces the RMS error between interpolated and measured peak compensation voltage values under different dispersion voltages, confirming its superiority over present methods. This rigorous method would help improve spectral resolutions of FAIMS spectrometer, facilitating high precision FAIMS spectrum database construction and accurate analyte discrimination.

Abstract  Currently, there is a need to reduce the occupational exposure of health care workers to anticancer drugs. Environmental contamination by anticancer drugs and subsequent exposure of health care workers are associated with vaporization of anticancer drugs. Furthermore, carcinomatous unpleasant odor is an additional problem to vaporized anticancer drugs in the field of clinical cancer therapy. We attempted to degrade vaporized anticancer drug and unpleasant odor using a photocatalyst. Cyclophosphamide or unpleasant odors (ammonia, formaldehyde, isovaleric acid, and butyric acid) were vaporized by heating in a closed chamber. Plates of photocatalyst coated with titanium dioxide were placed into the chamber and irradiated by light source. Vaporized cyclophosphamide in the chamber was recovered by bubbling the internal air through acetone and derivatized by trifluoroacetic anhydride for analysis by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay. Vaporized odors were determined using a gas-detector tube, which changed color depending on the concentration. Following activation of the photocatalyst by a light source, the residual amounts of anticancer drug and unpleasant odor components were significantly decreased compared with when the photocatalyst was not activated without a light source. These results indicate that the photocatalysts can accelerate the degradation of vaporized anticancer drugs and odor components. Air-cleaning equipment using a photocatalyst is expected to be useful in improving the QOL of cancer patients experiencing carcinomatous unpleasant odor, and in reducing occupational exposure of health care workers to anticancer drugs.

Abstract  The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) on systemic inflammation, lung injury and survival rate of mice with endotoxemia. Balb/c mice were pre-treated with SB or vehicle, and then endotoxemia was induced by lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 20 mg/kg, i.p.) and the survival rate of mice was monitored. A separated set of animals were sacrificed at 18 h after LPS challenge, and blood samples were harvested for measuring TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Lung tissues were also harvested to determine the ratio of wet weight to dry weight of lung tissue and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung tissue. In addition, the formalin-fixed lung specimens were stained with HE routinely for morphologic evaluation. The results showed that pre-treatment with SB alleviated LPS-induced morphological damage in lung tissue. This was accompanied by reduced ratio of wet weight to dry weight of lung tissue and MPO activity in lung homogenates. Additionally, the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 was also suppressed by SB, while the survival rate of mice with lethal endotoxemia was significantly increased by SB pre-treatment. The results suggest that SB effectively attenuates intrapulmonary inflammatory response and improves the survival of endotoxemic mice.

Abstract  A microbial consortium with high effective and stable cellulosic degradation ability was constructed by successive enrichment and incubation in a peptone cellulose medium using cassava residues and filter paper as carbon sources, where the inoculums were sampled from the environment filled with rotten lignocellulosic materials. The degradation ability to different cellulosic materials and change of main parameters during the degradation process of cassava residues by this consortium was investigated in this study. It was found that, this consortium can efficiently degrade filter paper, absorbent cotton, avicael, wheat-straw and cassava residues. During the degradation process of cassava residues, the key hydrolytic enzymes including cellulase, hemicellulase and pectinase showed a maximum enzyme activity of 34.4, 90.5 and 15.8 U on the second or third day, respectively. After 10 days' fermentation, the degradation ratio of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin of cassava residues was 79.8%, 85.9% and 19.4% respectively, meanwhile the loss ratio of cassava residues reached 61.5%. Otherwise,it was found that the dominant metabolites are acetic acid, butyric acid, caproic acid and glycerol, and the highest hydrolysis ratio is obtained on the second day by monitoring SCOD, total volatile fatty acids and total sugars. The above results revealed that this consortium can effectively hydrolyze cassava residues (the waste produced during the cassava based bioethanol production) and has great potential to be utilized for the pretreatment of cassava residues for biogas fermentation.

Abstract  Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human brain. Alterations in GABAergic function are associated with a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, noninvasive in vivo measurement of GABA is difficult because of its low concentration and the presence of overlapping resonances. To study GABA concentration in the occipital cortex in major depressive disorder (MDD), a group of medication-naive, first episode depressed patients (n = 18, HAMD > 17), and a group of healthy controls (n = 23) were investigated using a Point Resolved Spectroscopy (MEGA-PRESS) on a 3.0 T MR scanner. The results showed that occipital GABA levels were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the patient group than those in the healthy controls, yet the correlations between the severity of MDD (HAMD, BDI) and the GABA concentration is insignificant. Therefore, our data suggest that patients with first episode, unmedicated MDD have changes in cortical concentrations of GABA. This biochemical abnormality may be a marker of a trait vulnerability to mood disorder, and may explain the visual problem of severe MDD patients.

Abstract  A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the influence of biochar on the residues of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in soil. Two treatments as the control and the addition of 1% wheat straw biochar were designed. Three chemical extractions as butanol, HPCD and Tenax extractions and earthworm accumulation were used to assess the changes of the bioavailability of CBs in soil. The results showed that the residues of HCB, PeCB and 1,2,4,5-TeCB in the control were 29.87%, 18.02% and 5.16% after 4 months incubation, however, the residues of HCB, PeCB and 1,2,4,5-TeCB in biochar amended soil were 68.25%, 61.32% and 58.02%, respectively, indicating that biochar amendment would inhibit the dissipation of CBs in soil. Butanol, HPCD and Tenax extraction as well as earthworm accumulation results demonstrated that the bioavailability of CBs in soil was significantly affected by biochar amendment (P < 0.05). With aging time increase, the biochar amendment significantly lowered the bioavailability of CBs. The extraction ratios differed among different chemical extraction methods. The extraction ratio was HCB > PeCB > 1,2,4,5-TeCB for butanol and Tenax extraction, while 1,2,4,5-TeCB > PeCB > HCB for HPCD extraction. The bioaccumulation factor of CBs by earthworm was significantly lower in biochar amended soil compared to the control (P < 0.05). This study showed that the biochar could reduce the bioavailability of organic pollutants, however, the high residues of the pollutants in soil showed potential environmental risk.

Abstract  The degradation of norfloxacin in aquatic environment was studied in the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and H2O2. The effects of solution pH, temperature, dose of catalysts and concentration of H2O2 on norfloxacin degradation were surveyed. The degradation behaviors of different substrates by nano-Fe3O4/H2O2 were investigated and the reaction mechanism of norfloxacin was discussed. The results showed that the reaction was strongly pH-dependent and favored in acidic solution (pH = 3.5). The removal efficiency of norfloxacin was enhanced with the increase of temperature, catalysts dosage and H2O2 concentration. The degradation efficiency of norfloxacin by nano-Fe3O4/H2O2 was significantly higher than those of sulfathiazole, phenolic and aniline compounds. In the presence of 4.4 mmol x L(-1) of H2O2, 0.80 g x L(-1) of Fe3O4 and T = 303 K, norfloxacin was degraded completely in 5 min. The F element in norfloxacin molecule existed totally as F(-) in solution within 5 min, and the removal efficiency of total organic carbon was 57% in 1 h. In the ESR spectrum of nano-Fe3O4/H2O2 system, the characteristic peaks of BMPO-*OH adduct was detected, however, the intensity of the peaks was reduced to 5% with the addition of tert-butanol, a strong *OH scavenger, and the degradation efficiency of norfloxacin was correspondingly decreased to 10% in 1 h. These results indicated that *OH played an important role on norfloxacin degradation, and the reaction proceeded based on a heterogeneous Fenton-like system.

Abstract  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism underlying sodium butyrate (NaB)-induced apoptosis of a human colon cancer cell line HCT-116.

METHODS: The apoptosis of HCT-116 cells induced by NaB was confirmed by hoechst33342 staining and AnnexinV+ PI assay. The changes in the intracellular localization of stromal interaction molecule (STIM1) and Orai1 following NaB treatment were detected by immunofluorescence technique. Western blotting was used to investigate the protein expression levels of STIM1 and Orai1.

RESULTS: NaB induced apoptosis and caused translocation and colocalization of STIM1 and Orai1 in HCT-116 cells.

CONCLUSION: The apoptosis of human colon cancer cells induced by NaB is correlated to the redistribution of STIM1 and Orai1.

Abstract  OBJECTIVE: To analyze the ultraviolet-screening of the n-butanol extracts of mangosteen pericarp and alpha-mangostin, compare the ultraviolet-screening effect of the extracts with rutin and ultramicro-titanium dioxide (TiO2).

METHODS: The samples (n-butanol extract from mangosteen pericarp, alpha-mangostin, rutin and TiO2) were scanned at different wavelength and Pan-wavelength by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.

RESULTS: The n-butanol extracts and alpha-mangostin had relatively satisfactory effects on ultraviolet-screening when the concentration was over 0.40 mg/ml and the effects on ultraviolet-screening was better than TiO2.

CONCLUSION: The n-butanol extracts and alpha-mangostin had a positive ultraviolet-screening activity which was better than TiO2.

Abstract  OBJECTIVE: To establish a microemulsion liquid chromatography system with direct sample loading for determining the serum level of emodin in rats.

METHODS: The separation was performed on C₁₈ column (Hypersil BDS, 5 µm,150 mm×4.6 mm) with the microemulsion mobile phase consisting of 3.3% (w/V) SDS, 6.6% (V/V) n-butyl alcohol, and 1.0% (V/V) octane and water. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the detection wavelength was 254 nm.

RESULTS: The linear range of emodin detection was 0.333-5.32 µg/ml. The average recovery was 99.65% with a RSD of 3.60%. The limit of quantification was 0.1386 µg/mL.

CONCLUSION: Microemulsion liquid chromatography system with direct sample loading allows simple, accurate and rapid determination of emodin in rat serum.

Abstract  Bis(4-butoxycarbonylaminocyclohexyl) methane (H12 MDU) was prepared using dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate and 1-butanol as raw materials and two solid products A and B were obtained. The structures of the two solid products were characterized separately by melting point measurement, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, NMR spectrum analysis and mass spectrum analysis. The results show that both A and B are the target products H12 MDU. The solid A is trans-trans-H12 MDU while the solid B is a mixture including trans-trans-Hiz MDU and at least one of cis-trans-H12MDU and cis-cis-H12 MDU.

Abstract  Methanogenic corn stalk degrading enrichment cultures were constructed using corn stalk as the sole carbon source and eight types of environmental samples as inocula. All the cultures could degrade corn stalk within 30-50 days and the total solids (TS) removal rates were in the range of 30%-40%. In six out of eight cultures, the cumulative methane yields per gram TS were 62.1-118.4 mL x g(-1), with acetate, propionate and butyrate as the major volatile fatty acids (100-500 mg x L(-1)), and the final pH were 6.5-6.7. In the other two cultures, the cumulative methane yields per gram TS were 8.5-9.7 mL xg(-1), while the concentrations of acetate were high (1200 mg x L(-1)), and the final pH were low (5.6-5.9). The bacterial and archaeal structures in eight enrichments were investigated with a 16S rRNA genes-based clone library method. Clones belonging to the bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Synergistetes and Thermotogae were observed in abundance within the bacterial clone libraries, which accounted for 37.8%, 34.3%, 11.6% and 6.4% of the total number of bacterial clones, respectively. Within the domain Archaea, clones affiliated with the classes Methanomicrobia and Methanobacteria were found to be abundant in the archaeal clone libraries, which accounted for 61.1% and 38.9% of the total number of archaeal clones, respectively.

Abstract  Bacillus sp. TSH1 is a butanol-producing microorganism newly isolated in our laboratory; it can grow and ferment under facultative anaerobic conditions, while sharing similar fermentation pathways and products with Clostridium acetobutylicum. To illustrate the relationships between the products and the enzyme activities in Bacillus sp. TSH1, key butanol- and ethanol-forming enzymes were studied, including butyraldehyde dehydrogenase, butanol dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase. The activities of the three enzymes increased rapidly after the initiation of fermentation. Activities of three enzymes peaked before 21 h, and simultaneously, product concentrations also began to increase gradually. The maximum activity of alcohol dehydrogenase was 0.054 U/mg at 12 h, butyraldehyde dehydrogenase 0.035 U/mg at 21 h and butanol dehydrogenase 0.055 U/mg at 15 h. The enzyme activities then decreased, but remained constant at a low level after 24 h, while the concentrations of butanol, acetone, and ethanol continued increasing until the end of the fermentation. The results will attribute to the understanding of the butanol metabolic mechanism, and provide a reference for further study of a facultative Bacillus metabolic pathway.

Abstract  Diabetic ketoacidosis is caused by accumulation of acetoacetic and β-hydroxybutyric acids and is a common acute metabolic complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus. A much less common and recognized metabolic complication is diabetic ketoacidosis with alkalaemia ("ketoalkalosis"). Diuretic use, vomiting, alkali ingestion, and hypercortisolism have all been implicated as potential causes of this disorder. We present a case in which a patient displayed significantly elevated blood β-hydroxy-butyrate (7.8 mmol/l) and glucose (39 mmol/l) concentrations together with arterial alkalosis (pH 7.47).

Abstract  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effects of the n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserina L. (NP) on pituitrin-induced acute myocardial ischemic injury in mice.

METHODS: Ninety healthy female mice were randomly divided into normal control group, untreated group, Salvia miltiorrhiza group and low-, medium- and high-dose NP groups. Except for the normal control group, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with pituitrin (20 U/kg) to induce acute myocardial ischemic injury. Thirty minutes after induction, electrocardiogram was monitored, and height of the J spot was measured also. Activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum of the mice were detected. The degree of myocardial ischemic injury in mice was observed by Nagar-Olsen staining.

RESULTS: The moving up of J spots in the treated groups was significantly inhibited when comparing with the untreated group (P<0.01). Compared with untreated group, high- and medium-dose NP and Salvia miltiorrhiza could significantly decrease the activities of LDH, CK (P<0.01, P<0.05), increase the SOD activity (P<0.01) and decrease the content of MDA (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between low-dose NP group and untreated group (P>0.05). Nagar-Olsen staining showed that high- and medium-dose NP and Salvia miltiorrhiza could significantly diminish the areas of cardiac muscles injured by ischemia, but low-dose NP had no effect on that.

CONCLUSION: NP has a remarkable protective effect on acute myocardial ischemic injury in mice.

Abstract  OBJECTIVE: Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, etc. are metabolic product of putative periodontal pathogens, which play significant roles in periodontitis. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Treponema denticola (T. denticola), and the concentration of SCFAs in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP).

METHODS: GCF was sampled from 4 sites per individual in 20 patients with AgP and 14 healthy controls. Concentrations of SCFAs, including succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid in the supernant of GCF were analyzed by high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE), P. gingivalis and T. denticola in the deposit of the same GCF were detected by PCR with their electrophoretic band quantified.

RESULTS: The concentrations of succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid, the prevalence and PCR band quantity of P. gingivalis and T. denticola in GCF were all significantly higher in patients with AgP than that of healthy controls. In patients with AgP, butyric acid concentration was significantly higher in P. gingivalis positive sites than negative sites [2.87 (0.99, 4.36) mmol/L vs. 0.33 (0.00, 1.44) mmol/L, P<0.05], the concentrations of succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid were positively correlated with PCR band quantity of P. gingivalis (r value was 0.334, 0.548, 0.411, 0.493, 0.273, respectively, P<0.05); the concentrations of SCFAs were significantly higher in T. denticola positive sites than negative sites: succinic acid, 1.67 (1.15, 2.11) mmol/L vs. 0.80 (0.48, 1.06) mmol/L; acetic acid, 31.95 (23.77, 43.13) mmol/L vs.12.51 (7.57, 15.69) mmol/L; propionic acid, 11.86 (6.55, 14.98) mmol/L vs. 2.82 (1.71, 7.03) mmol/L; butyric acid, 3.45 (2.41, 4.78) mmol/L vs. 0.54 (0.00, 1.56) mmol/L; isovaleric acid, 2.23 (1.05, 3.85) mmol/L vs. 0.62 (0.00, 2.33) mmol/L. The concentrations of succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid were positively correlated with PCR band quantity of T. denticola (r value was 0.443, 0.702, 0.625, 0.557, respectively, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: SCFAs concentrations reflect the quantity of P. gingivalis and T. denticola in patients with AgP, and may be an indicator to the disease progression in patients with AgP.

Abstract  Totally 77 kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in inlet/outlet wastewater of 10 typical enterprises in Hangzhou City were determined by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, then the discharge characteristics of VOCs were analyzed, and the monitoring results were evaluated. The results indicated that 22 kinds of VOCs were detected in inlet wastewater, the range of VOCs concentrations was 7-3.39 x 10(6) microg x L(-1), while 14 kinds of VOCs were detected in outlet wastewater, the range of VOCs concentrations was 16- 6.82 x 10(4) microg x L(-1). The concentrations of VOCs in inlet/outlet wastewater of flavors and fragrances manufacturing enterprises were much higher than those of other industries. When using the third class discharge standard of "integrated wastewater discharge standard" (GB 8978-1996) as the evaluation criteria, the toluene concentration detected in outlet wastewater of enterprise 1 was 2.45 x 10(3), microg x L(-1), which exceeded the standard limit. In addition. When the discharge multimedia environmental goals (DMEG(WH)) of VOCs in water was used as the evaluation criteria, the concentrations of n-butyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone in outlet wastewater of enterprise 3 exceeded their respective discharge multimedia environmental goals.