Abstract  Sterols, n-alkanols, organic carbon (OC), C/N ratios and carbon isotope data (delta 13C) were investigated in sediments of the urban Capibaribe River estuary, NE Brazil, in order to assess allochthonous and autochthonous sources of organic matter (OM). Sedimentary OC values are high, but C/N ratios and delta 13C data generally fall within the range of values reported in other riverine systems, and suggest mixed inputs from aquatic and terrestrial matter. Mean values for total 4-desmethyl sterols and high molecular weight (HMW) n-alkanols are 11.0 micrograms/g and 2.8 micrograms/g, respectively. Sterols are found at highest levels in areas of enhanced urban outfalls. They can be related to major planktonic species growing in riverine waters. Stanol/stenol ratios suggest a high degree of alteration of the autochthonous OM as a result of elevated temperatures and microbiological proliferation. Even though sterols suggest the importance of autochthonous inputs to the river, HMW n-alkanols indicate major terrigenous accumulation at the mouth and 10 km upriver. Coprostanol and epicoprostanol levels are comparable to other sewage contaminated hydrosystems, but not as high as expected given the importance of sewage outfalls and low riverine water discharge. However, high (coprostanol)/(coprostanol + cholestanol) ratio values indicate that fecal contamination is significant.

Abstract  Sequential changes in pancreatic secretion were evaluated during a 2- to 3-year follow-up study in 8 dogs provided with Thomas gastric and duodenal fistulas. Four animals were given intragastric ethanol (2 g kg-1) daily for 3 years; 4 others served as controls. In alcohol-fed animals: (1) Flow rate and bicarbonate output in response to 1 clinical unit kg-1 hr-1 of secretin were increased at the end of 2 years but not after 1 year of alcohol feeding. (2) At the end of 2 years, the dose-response curve of pancreatic secretion to cholecystokinin was unchanged but the maximal bicarbonate and water secretion in response to high doses of secretin were increased. Modifications (1) and (2) are explained by reduplication of pancreatic ducts secondary to the development of chronic pancreatitis, verified by biopsy. (3) The previous report by our group of an increased cholecystokinin release in the course of chronic alcohol consumption in dogs seems to be attributable to an artefact. This work shows that the pancreatic response to intraduodenal oleic acid is not significantly modifed by 3 years of alcohol feeding.

Abstract  D(-)-Lactic acid was produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii DSM 20072 (ATCC 9649) (LD), L(+)-lactic acid by Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus DSM 20021 (ATCC 7469) (LC) and by Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius DSM 20492 (ATCC 11742) (LS) on MRS medium and glucose substrate homofermentatively in batch cultures. LS exhibited the highest specific growth rate ( mu = 1.41/h) and the highest specific productivity ( pi = 5.45/h). Acetate and citrate stimulated its growth. Substrate inhibition occurred at 30 g/litre glucose for LD, 26 g/litre glucose for LC, and no inhibition was observed up to 100 g/litre glucose for LS. 60 g/litre lactate solution at pH 6 caused only slight product inhibition of LS. The product was extracted by four different amine carriers (Amberlite LA2, Hoe F2562, Hostarex A327 and Alamin 366) in the presence of modifiers (long-chain alcohols, alkylphosphates and acidic organic compounds) in kerosene and butylacetate, and a phosphinoxide (Cyanex 923). When using Hostarex A327 in oleylic alcohol or Cyanex 923 (phosphinoxide carrier) in kerosene or in oleylic alcohol, no modifier was necessary. The extent of lactic acid extraction was evaluated and the separation of lactic acid from citric and acetic acids was investigated. The re-extraction of the free acid under different conditions was not very successful. A maximum lactic acid yield of 72% was obtained. Except for kerosene and oleyl alcohol, the biocompatibility of the other chemicals was unsatisfactory. Their application for in situ extraction cannot be recommended. Recovery of the free lactic acid by electrodialysis and bipolar membrane is very promising. In situ recovery is possible.

Abstract  In order to eliminate the hazards of foam in the process of hydrogen production by photosynthetic bacteria (PSB), tributyl phosphate, stearyl alcohol, rapeseed oil and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate were used as defoamers in the experiments. The results showed the hydrogen yield increased with addition of rapeseed oil and stearyl alcohol by 5.4% and 3.95%, and rapeseed oil and stearyl alcohol had better capability to decrease the foam than the others. The growth of PSB was inhibited by tributyl phosphate which was covered the surface of culture medium. To reach max cell concentration, the growth time of PSB increased by 48 h and hydrogen yield decreased by 17.88% when sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate was used as the defoamer. The rapeseed oil economy adding amount was 0.05% when it was covered the surface of culture medium in the process of hydrogen production by PSB.

Abstract  BACKGROUNDEyeblink conditioning (EBC) is a Pavlovian paradigm that involves contingent temporal pairing of a conditioned stimulus (e.g., tone) with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., air puff). Animal studies have shown that binge consumption of alcohol during pregnancy impairs EBC and that this impairment is likely mediated by a loss of neurons in the inferior olive and the cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei, as well as by a reduction in neural plasticity in the cerebellar deep nuclei.METHODSShort delay EBC was examined in 98 5-year-old children born to women from the Coloured (mixed ancestry) community in Cape Town, South Africa, who were recruited prenatally and are participating in the first prospective longitudinal study of children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS status was assessed at 5 years by expert dysmorphologists. Two sessions of 50 trials each were administered to the children; a third session was administered the following day to those children who did not meet criterion of 40% conditioned responses in session 2.RESULTSNot a single child with FAS met criterion for conditioning as contrasted with 75.0% of the controls. Whereas 86.7% of the controls who were conditioned met criterion by the end of Session 2, a large proportion of the relatively few alcohol-exposed nonsyndromal children who conditioned did not do so until Session 3. These alcohol effects on EBC persisted after controlling for IQ. Three of 4 microcephalic children who were not exposed to alcohol were successfully conditioned.CONCLUSIONSThis is the first prospective study to demonstrate impaired EBC in children diagnosed with FAS. Successful EBC in a microcephalic group supports the inference that the EBC deficit is specific to prenatal alcohol exposure and a potential biomarker for diagnosis of exposed children lacking the distinctive FAS dysmorphology. Delay EBC has a high sensitivity for identifying individuals with a diagnosis of probable FAS.

Abstract  The unique predominance of oleyl alcohols (18:1) is the striking characteristic of the lipids of the Antarctic euphausiid Thysanoessa macrura. The 2 isomers 18:1(n-9) and 18:1(n-7) occurred in similar proportions in the wax esters of T. macrura and comprised up to 80% of the total fatty alcohols. The remainder consisted mostly of the 20:1(n-9) alcohol along with small amounts of the 22:1(n-11) alcohol. No marine zooplankton species has previously been reported which produces wax esters with significant amounts of 18 carbon fatty alcohols. T. macrura specimens were collected in the high Antarctic Weddell Sea during autumn 1992 and summer 1993. Their lipid levels were high, about 40 to 50% of the dry mass with up to 70% of the total lipid as wax esters. The wax ester fatty acids were dominated by the saturates 14:0 and 16:0, which, along with the monounsaturate 18:1(n-9), accounted for more than 80% of the total fatty acids. Phospholipids contained high levels of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (20:5 and 22:6) typical of membrane lipids from marine zooplankton. The precise significance of the unique wax ester composition in T. macrura is not clear but this discovery underscores the biochemical adaptability of Antarctic zooplankton species to a constantly cold and highly seasonal polar environment.

Abstract  We previously showed that incubation of rat liver mitochondria with alcohols resulted in the inhibition of the import of aldehyde dehydrogenase precursor but not that of ornithine transcarbamylase precursor (Wang TTY, Farrés J, and Weiner H: Arch Biochem Biophys 272:440-449, 1989). The time required for inhibition of import to occur was now measured with ethanol (200 mM) and butanol (100 mM) at 0 degree and 30 degrees C. It required approximately 30 min to achieve 50% inhibition with butanol and 50 min with ethanol. To further substantiate the membrane perturbing effects of alcohols, we also examined the effect of oleic acid on import. We found that incubation of mitochondria with oleic acid (0-100 microM) resulted in inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase precursor import in a dose response fashion. In addition to in vitro effects of alcohols on import, we conducted a preliminary study on import of protein into liver mitochondria isolated from rats fed ethanol. We found that the rate of aldehyde dehydrogenase precursor import into liver mitochondria isolated from ethanol fed rats was identical to that from control. The results are consistent with finding that the activity and amount of aldehyde dehydrogenase was the same in mitochondria isolated from the alcohol-fed or control animals.

Abstract    Two species of teleost fish, Cubiceps gracilis and Centrolophus sp., have been found to possess diacyl glyceryl ethers in the muscle as a major lipid, a condition previously reported only for Stromateus maculates. In these fishes, concentrations of the muscle lipids ranged from 15.2 to 21.0% and those of glyceryl ethers in the muscle lipids from 20.3 to 27.7%. Compositions of glyceryl ethers and total fatty acids were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Chimyl and selachyl alcohols were the major constituents and made up together 74-84% of the glyceryl ethers. The component fatty alcohols detected were of 9-20 carbon atoms and most of them were saturated or monoenoic. Most of the fatty acids were similarly saturated or monoenoic, oleic acid being the main component.

Abstract  The activity of large conductance, Ca2+-sensitive K+ (BKCa) channels, known to control neuronal excitability, is increased by ethanol (EtOH) exposure. Moreover, brain cholesterol (CHS) is elevated after chronic exposure to EtOH, suggesting that membrane CHS may play a role in drug tolerance. Here, we use BKCa channels from human brain (hslo subunits), reconstituted into 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylserine (POPS) bilayers, to examine CHS modulation of EtOH sensitivity. Acute exposure to clinically relevant EtOH levels increases channel activity without modifying conductance. In this minimal system, increases in CHS content within the range found in neuronal membranes lead to progressive antagonism of EtOH action. Furthermore, CHS inhibits basal channel activity with an affinity similar to that of CHS blunting of the alcohol effect. Modification of channel gating by either EtOH or CHS is reduced dramatically by removal of POPS from the bilayer, suggesting a common mechanism(s) of action. Indeed, channel dwell-time analysis indicates that CHS and EtOH exert opposite actions on the stability of channel closed states. However, each agent also acts on distinct dwell states not mirrored by the other, which contribute to the opposite effects of CHS and EtOH on channel gating.

Abstract  Effects of rare earth compound (ammonium sulphate), organic solvents(oleic acid and dibutylphthalate) and the integrated function of the rare earth compound and organic solvents were studied on taxol release in the Taxus cuspidata suspension cultures. And then effects of different organic solvents(paraffin, organic acid, alcohol and ester), their volumetric fraction and phase toxicity were studied on taxol release in the two-liquid-phase cultures of Taxus cuspidata. The results showed that the addition of the rare earth compound or the organic solvents could strengthen obviously taxol release, especially the organic solvents. But the addition of the rare earth compound could not strengthen further taxol release in the twoliquid-phase cultures of Taxus cuspidata. Therefore the organic solvents were very good permeabilizing reagents, which could enhance obviously secondary metabolite in the twoliquid-phase cultures of plant cells. Release percentage of taxol was increased into more than 75% from 40% of the control.

Abstract  BACKGROUNDChinese medicine plays an important role in hepatoprotective treatment. This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of emodin and astragalus polysaccharides (APS) in a rat model of chronic hepatic injury.METHODSChronic hepatic injury was induced by hypodermic injection of an olive oil solution containing 40% carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) twice a week, in addition to a diet of 79.5% maizena, 20% fat, 0.5% cholesterol, and 10% alcohol in the drinking water ad libitum for 12 weeks. Meanwhile, the rats were exposed to different concentrations of emodin (40 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)), APS (200 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)), combination drug (emodin 40 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) combined with APS 200 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) and colchicine (0.1 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) in parallel by oral gavage (once a day for 12 weeks). At the end of 12 weeks, blood serum and liver tissue were taken. Serum was collected to determine the levels of total bilirubin (TBIL), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminose (AST), and albumin (ALB). Liver and spleen indexes were assayed, followed by the measurements of the liver associated enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Histopathological changes were studied using optical microscopy.RESULTSSplenohepatomegalia was alleviated and serum levels of TBIL and ALT were reduced in the groups treated with emodin and APS when compared to the control group. In addition, the ALB level in the APS and combination groups was higher. Similarly, the SOD activity of liver homogenates was significantly higher in the groups treated with emodin and APS, while administration of the herbal derivatives prevented the elevation in MDA levels. Histological analysis showed that the APS and combination groups significantly ameliorated the hepatic injury.CONCLUSIONSCo-administration of emodin and APS demonstrated a synergistic action in reducing ALT and restoring ALB in the serum from a rat model of chronic hepatic injury. Emodin and APS may ameliorate the CCl(4)-induced hepatic injury in rats by elevating antioxidant-enzyme activities and reducing lipid peroxidation.

Abstract  The esterification of long-chain fatty acids in n-hexane catalyzed by nylon-immobilized lipase from Candida rugosa has been investigated. Butyl oleate (22 carbon atoms), oleyl butyrate (22 carbon atoms) and oleyl oleate (36 carbon atoms) were produced at maximum reaction rates of approximately 60 mmol h super(-1) g super(-1) immobilized enzyme when the substrates were present in equimolar proportions at an initial concentration of 0.6 mol l super(-1). The observed kinetic behavior of all the esterification reactions is found to follow a ping-pong bi-bi mechanism with competitive inhibition by both substrates. The effect of the chain-length of the fatty acids and the alcohols could be correlated to some mechanistic models, in accordance with the calculated kinetic parameters.

Abstract    Aromatic amines were analysed by normal phase and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography employing silica gel and octadecyl silane (ODS) columns, respectively. A number of mobile phases were used. The results obtained on silica gel column were compared with those achieved on reverse phase column. Excellent results were obtained on ODS and shoulder peaks were eliminated when a mixture of methyl alcohol and sodium perchlorate was used as mobile phase.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Abstract  Prevention of hypertension must play a more prominent role in health care, in the education of young people, and in the public policy arena if we are committed to reduce mortality from cardiovascular disease. Some steps individuals can take to lessen the risk of stroke or coronary heart disease include: If you are obese and hypertensive, you should reduce total calories and lose weight. Substitute olive oil or canola oil for vegetable oils to increase your intake of monounsaturated fatty acids. Try the Mediterranean diet. Start a program of aerobic exercise or increase the amount you are currently doing. Reduce salt intake. Reduce alcohol consumption. Stop smoking. If you have hypertension and tend to overrespond to stress, try relaxation and biofeedback techniques, which according to some studies may produce a modest reduction in blood pressure in some individuals with mild hypertension. Increase the amount of fiber in the diet by increasing the amount of grains, fruit, and vegetables. Have your renin level tested. A "population" approach should be incorporated into medical school curricula to encourage and train caregivers to consider social, cultural, and economic factors affecting patients. Historically black colleges, public and private elementary and secondary schools, and churches can provide leadership in this nation for educating African Americans in the prevention and control of high blood pressure. In conclusion, we already have the information we need from research to close the mortality gap between whites and African Americans in cardiovascular disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abstract    In order to study the influence of some polar compounds, naturally present in virgin olive oils (VOOs), on the volatiles release, the volatiles-free olive oil matrix was enriched with free fatty acids (FFA) (concentration range from 0.35 to 1.40 g/100 g), sterols (1.0-2.5 g/kg) and phospholipids (1.6-6.0 g/kg). Sixteen standards of VOO aroma compounds were dissolved in thus obtained olive oil matrices. Volatile compounds were analysed by headspace solid phase microextraction with DVB/CAR/PDMS fibre and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Evaluation of the data by statistical analysis revealed that FFA, sterols and phospholipids, in concentration ranges considered in this study, generally did not significantly influence the determination of VOO volatiles. The most important changes occurred in the release of the three alcohols (Z-2-penten-1-ol, 1-hexanol and E-3-hexen-1-ol) and 3-methylbutyl acetate which slightly decreased upon the increase of FFA concentration. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Abstract  22 DNCB sensitized guinea pigs were challenged with varying amounts dissolved in alcohol, acetone and olive oil. DNCB applied in alcohol resulted in almost 100% positive reactions; the test scores correlated to dose. When similar amounts were applied in alcohol and acetone, the former produced a significantly higher degree of positivity. The importance of defining allergen concentration, volume or weight of test substance applied and test area size, when comparing test results in guinea pigs and humans, is emphasized.

Abstract  A green process for the preparation of biolubricant base stock from canola oil was developed. Three branched chain products were synthesized from commercially available canola oil. This process involves two steps, first, the preparation of epoxidized canola oil by using amberlite IR 120 catalyst followed by ring opening reaction with different alcohols such as n-butanol, amyl alcohol, and 2-ethylhexanol catalyzed with Amberlyst-15 (dry). These products were confirmed by using FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR. The prepared oleo chemical derivatives show improved low temperature properties determined by measuring pour point and cloud point. These derivatives were used as additives in low lubricating diesel fuel and the lubricating properties were studied by using HFRR wear scar. These derivatives have good anti-wear and friction reducing properties at relatively low concentrations. Thermal stability of these derivatives was studied by using TGA. The material with higher chain alcohol had shown more lubricity and good thermal stability. The finding of this study shows that derivatives of epoxy canola oil can be used as a starting material for the lubricant formulations.

Abstract  The synthesis of a green clean biosolvent, isopropyl esters, using high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) as raw material over an enzymatic catalyst, has been developed and optimized following a factorial design and response surface methodology. A full three-factorial design has proved effective in the study of the influence of the variables (temperature, enzyme concentration, and alcohol/oil molar ratio) on the process. The process was studied in the range of 68-82DGC, 1.8-8.4%wt. catalyst concentration, and initial alcohol/oil molar ratio 1:1-11:1. The molar ratio of alcohol/oil was been found to be the most significant factor on the transesterification process and its influence is negative. The response surface model obtained, representing the yield of ester, was found to describe adequately the experimental results. The best conditions for the process are a catalyst concentration of 7%, an operation temperature of 71DGC and with low alcohol/oil molar ratio (3:1); with these conditions the maximum conversion obtained was 84%. The preparation of the product is a green engineering process, clean, solvent-free, with a very selective catalyst that minimizes water and energy consumption and the downstream processing of the integrated process.

Abstract  The FAEES/carboxylesterase enzyme nonoxidatively metabolizes alcohol into FAEEs, potentially toxic molecules linked with alcohol-induced end-organ damage. Our laboratory has isolated and characterized a FAEES/carboxylesterase cDNA from human eye and heart (G12). In an effort to further characterize the G12 enzyme, this laboratory has analyzed the FAEES activity, as well as performed mutagenic studies on a proposed active site of G12. We have mutated Ser 204 and His 451 in the G12 enzyme in an attempt to characterize the active site. We found that both mutations cause almost total loss of carboxylesterase enzyme activity with the native enzyme remaining active for carboxylesterase activity (560 nmol/mg protein/h for G12). With oleic acid as a substrate, the FAEES activity was 170 nmol/mg protein/h for G12, 10.8 nmol/mg protein/h for M204, and 8.5 nmol/mg protein/h for M451. When ethanol was used as substrate, the FAEES activity was 240 nmol/mg protein/h for G12, 15.1 nmol/mg protein/h for M204, and 6.2 nmol/mg protein/h for M451. Since both carboxylesterase and FAEES enzyme activities are significantly lowered by mutating Ser 204 and His 451 of the G12 enzyme, this study indicates that these residues may be important for the key enzymatic activities of the enzyme.

Abstract  Carbon coatings with olive oil, soybean oil and butter on nano-LiFePO sub(4), were investigated. The powder was ball-milled for weeks in ethanol to prepare nano-LiFePO sub(4). The size distribution of the power was measured with a particle-size analyzer. Coating materials were premixed with the nano-LiFePO sub(4) in isopropyl alcohol before sintering the mixture at 550 degree C for 1 h under argon. Carbon coatings with kitchen oils provided competitive performance compared with other carbon coatings and particle-size engineering. The high charge retention values demonstrated that the active interaction model with kitchen oils (fatty acids) worked well with LiFePO sub(4). The results showed that the oils were cost-effective and environmentally benign.

Abstract  The analysis of the total lipid fraction from the Sayali variety of olive oil was accomplished in the present investigation. Glyceridic, unsaponifiable and flavour fractions of the oil were isolated and identified using several analytical methods. Chromatographic techniques have proven to be suitable for these determinations, especially capillary gas chromatography. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was successfully used to identify sterols, triterpenes alcohols, 4-monomethylsterols, aliphatic alcohols and aroma compounds in our samples. Furthermore, solid phase microextraction was used to isolate volatiles from the total lipid fraction. Results from the quantitative characterization of Sayali olive oil showed that oleic acid (77.4%) and triolein (47.4%) were the dominant glyceridic components. However, the main compounds of the unsaponifiable fraction were b-sitosterol (147.5 mg/100 g oil), 24-methylene cycloartenol (146.4 mg/100 g oil) and hexacosanol (49.3 mg/100 g oil). Moreover, results showed that the aldehydic compounds were the major flavours present in Sayali olive oil.

Abstract  The pyrolysis of two seaweed (Enteromorpha clathrata and Sargassum natans) was investigated for the production of bio-oil under different conditions. The constituents of seaweed bio-oils were greatly different from those of terrestrial biomass, especially in the presence of many nitrogen-containing compounds. Besides nitrogen-containing compounds, major components of seaweed bio-oil were hydrocarbon, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, and phenolic compounds, as well as carboxylic acids and their derivatives. It was found from the comparison between two bio-oils that E. clathrata bio-oil had lots of hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, however S. natans bio-oil contains many steroids and alcohols compounds. In addition, the oleic acid, palmitate, and peanut acid were also detected in S. natans bio-oil. Pyrolysis temperature played an important role on the distribution of seaweed bio-oil compositions, while the influence of the carrier gas was not obvious. The liquid derived from pyrolysis of protein contained more than 50% nitrogen-containing organic compounds, few phenolic compounds and aldehydes. It was concluded that the generations of hydrocarbon matters in seaweed bio-oil were associated with carbohydrates and lipids, and the nitrogen compounds were in accordance with protein.

Abstract  BACKGROUNDCarcinoma of the oral cavity is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Tobacco smoking and the consumption of alcoholic beverages are significant risk factors but to the authors' knowledge the role of nutrition is not adequately understood. The authors undertook an epidemiologic study of oral carcinoma occurring in Greece, where tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are common but the incidence of the disease is among the lowest reported in Europe.METHODSOne hundred six patients with histologically confirmed incident oral carcinoma and an equal number of control subjects matched for age and gender were studied. Dietary information was assessed through a validated extensive food frequency questionnaire and the data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression.RESULTSAfter adjustment for energy intake, tobacco smoking, and alcohol consumption, there was evidence that the consumption of cereals, fruits, dairy products, and added lipids (which in Greece are represented mostly by olive oil) was found to be associated inversely with the risk of oral carcinoma. Only with respect to meat and meat products was there adequate evidence of a positive association with the risk of oral carcinoma. Among the micronutrients studied, riboflavin, magnesium, and iron appeared to be correlated inversely with the disease.CONCLUSIONSFruits, cereals, dairy products, and olive oil appear to convey protection against oral carcinoma and their effects may be mediated through higher intakes of riboflavin, iron, and magnesium. The low incidence of oral carcinoma reported in Greece may be explained in part by the higher consumption of the food groups and micronutrients that appear to protect against the disease.

Abstract    Ayvalik is an important olive cultivar producing high quality oils in Turkey. In the present study, volatile and phenolic compositions of early-harvest extra virgin olive oil (cv. Ayvalik) were determined. The solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) technique was used for the extraction of volatile components. The aromatic extract obtained by SAFE was representative of the olive oil odor. A total of 32 aroma compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes, esters, and an acid, were identified in the olive oil. Aldehydes and alcohols were qualitatively and quantitatively the most dominant volatiles in the oil sample. Of these, six volatile components presented odor activity values (OAVs) greater than one, with (Z)-3-hexenal (green), hexanal (green-sweet) and nonanal (fatty-pungent) being those with the highest OAVs in olive oil. A total of 14 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography combined with a diode array detector and ion spray mass spectrometry. The major phenolic compounds were found as 3,4-DHPEA-EDA, 3,4-DHPEA-EA and p-HPEA-EDA.

Abstract  A study of the self-organization of nonionic surfactant span 60 (sorbitan mono stearate) in presence of fatty alcohol (stearyl, cetyl and lauryl) is presented. When ethanolic solution of the surfactant-fatty alcohol (1:1) mixture is added in water spontaneous large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) are formed which may potentially be useful vehicles for drug delivery purposes. Vesicular suspension has been characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, confocal laser scanning microscopy, dye entrapment and release studies. Surface tension measurement indicates the suitability of fatty alcohols towards spontaneous vesicle formation from span 60.